Tool wearTool life Flank wear width (mm)Cutting speed (mm/min) Flank wear width VB (mm) Crater wear width (mm)Cutting speed (mm/min) Crater wear depth KT (mm) Technical Guidance Tool Failures and Tool Life Forms of Tool Failures Cat. No. Name of Failure Cause of Failure Resulting 1~5 Flank Wear Due to the scratching effect of hard grains contained in the work from material. Mechanicalcauses 67 ChippingFracture Fine breakages caused by high cutting loads or chattering.Due to the impact of an excessive mechanical force acting on thecutting edge. Resulting 8 Crater Wear Swaft chips removing tool material as it flow over the top face at high from temperatures. Chemicalreactions 9 Plastic Deformation Cutting edge is depressed due to softening at high temperatures.10Thermal CrackFatigue from rapid, repeated heating and cooling cycles duringmachining. 11 Built-up Edge Work material is pressure welded on the top face of the cutting edge. Tool Wear Forms of Tool Wear Flank wear Crater wear Bad chip control Cutting edge fracture Creater wear KT Burrs occur Initial wear Poor surface finish Side flank wear Sudden VN1 increasein wear Face flank wearVN2 Steady wear Flank wear VB Cutting Time T (min) Cutting Time T (min) Edge wear VC Higher cutting force Wear is rapid initially, then it proceeds Poor machining accuracy more gradually in proportion with Crater wear is more progressive with Burrs occur cutting time until a certain limit, beyond no sudden breakdown pattern. which it increases rapidly again. Tool Life (V-T) Measure the relative tool lives of the specified wear, over a range of cutting speeds, then plot the tool life along the X-axis and the cutting speed along the Y-axis on a double logarithm graph. Flank wear Crater wear V1 V2 V3 V1 V2 V3 V4 V4 VB KT T1 T2 T3 T4 T’1 T’2 T’3 T’4 Cutting Time T (min) Cutting Time T (min) V1 V1 V2 V2 V3 V3 V4 V4 T1 T2 T3 T4 T’1 T’2 T’3 T’4 Tool life (min) Tool life (min) N3 Guidance Technical